White Supremacy: Why Hollywood Won’t Cast a Black Jesus, Moses or Noah and History is Whitewashed
An ever growing amount of scientific evidence indicates Jesus was not a white, blue-eyed, long-haired man and Moses and Noah were likely dark-skinned Africans, as recent DNA research leaves little doubt that all humankind sprang from one source out of Africa. Yet Hollywood still refuses to cast a black actor to portray any one of the three biblical icons in a big budget film due to the omnipresent effect of White Supremacy.
Outside of religious dogma white supremacy is the most influential force in the world. It is the operating paradigm of Western civilization and arguably even the template for the entire globe. White supremacy is our “Matrix,” if you will, like the in 1999 Hollywood movie The Matrix directed by The Wachowski Brothers. So to know the history and purpose of white supremacy is to understand why history itself is whitewashed to fit the paradigm. To know white supremacy is to understand the workings of the most powerful nation on Earth, because the United States of America was founded on the principles of white supremacy and Hollywood would later become the gatekeeper of its imagery—Its propaganda machine.
Exodus Gods and Kings director Ridley Scott is currently taking a ton of criticism from around the world to include threatened boycotts of his movie for casting all white actors in the film’s leading roles: Christian Bale (Moses), Joel Edgerton (Prince Ramses) Aaron Paul (Joshua) and Sigourney Weaver (Tuya, mother of Ramses). Bale came to Ridley’s defense essentially saying the movie needed big-name actors to make the studio feel more comfortable about their huge 140 million dollar investment in the project. That’s Hollywood lingo for White fans wouldn’t pack the theaters to see a Black Denzel Washington-type actor playing Moses and/or a Hollie Barry-type playing a queen. Right?
How Hollywood Made the KKK the Largest Social Organization in America
Hollywood has been the caretaker and master image maker for white supremacy from its very beginning. So it’s no coincident that one of Hollywood’s first major film productions was director B.W. Griffith’s silent film “Birth of A Nation,” released in 1915. The film was originally called—get this— The Clansman and it casted White actors in black face portraying Black men in extraordinarily demeaning ways while glorifying the racist actions of the clansmen aka the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—thus making the KKK the heroes of the movie.
Birth of A Nation culminates with armed clansmen lining up at Black peoples’ homes to intimidate them so they wouldn’t vote in the election. I’m not joking.
Considered one of the most racist movies ever made, the NAACP unsuccessfully tried to boycott the film which would end up being credited for the formation of the “new era” Klu Klux Klan (KKK).
The “new era” KKK used the movie as a recruiting tool and by the mid-1920’s it became America’s largest social organization—boasting up to an estimated 5 million members.
White supremacy was in its post-slavery heyday back in the 1920’ to late 30’s. Terrorizing Black folks by torching their properties, maiming and even lynching them was daily recreation for the KKK.
Hollywood continued its racist depictions of Blacks on the big screen for the next several decades after releasing Birth of a Nation. In 1929 Hollywood made Hearts in Dixie, the first film featuring a predominately black cast. The Fox film directed by Paul Sloane starred a character named Stepin Fetchit, a black, lazy, big-grinning, greasy-faced slow-talking plantation worker that was always trying to get out of work but who loved to dance and sing all night. Of course, White folks loved them some Stepin Fetchit. As a result Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry (May 30, 1902 – November 19, 1985), the actor that portrayed Stepin Fetchit, became the first black millionaire actor in Hollywood.
Black leaders and the politically and socially conscious brothers and sisters of the day hated the clownish patronizing character of Stepin Fetchit. Consequently, the name Stepin Fetchit soon became a pejorative term among Black people, calling any black man that grinned and shuffled his feet to suck up to the White man—“Stepin Fetchit.” Many Blacks still use the term today.
It wasn’t until the 1950s that a handful of meaningful roles in Hollywood motion picture productions targeted at white audiences started to become available to Black actors. I mentioned “targeted to White audiences” because after Birth of A Nation Blacks began forming their own movie production companies to counteract the negative imagery coming out of the major Hollywood studios. Yes Blacks were making huge strides in the early 1900’s but that’s a story for another day just as the Blaxploitation films of the 70s and 80s.
Hollywood was all about promoting and maintaining white supremacy. It still is.
What is White Supremacy?
Dicitonary.com defines white supremacy as: “the belief, theory, or doctrine that white people are inherently superior to people from all other racial groups, especially black people, and are therefore rightfully the dominant group in any society.”
Wikipedia opines on the History of White Supremacy as:
World History
“White supremacy has ideological foundations that at least date back to 17th-century scientific racism, the predominant paradigm of human variation that helped shape international and intra-national relations from the latter part of the Age of Enlightenment (in European history) through the late 20th century (marked by the end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994, one of the last explicitly White supremacist sociopolitical structures to exist).”
United States History
“White supremacy was dominant in the United States before the American Civil War and for decades after Reconstruction. In large areas of the United States, this included the holding of non-whites (specifically African Americans) in chattel slavery. The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy cited as a cause for state secession and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were disenfranchised, barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the 20th century. Many U.S. states banned interracial marriage through anti-miscegenation laws until 1967, when these laws were declared unconstitutional. Additionally, white leaders often viewed Native Americans as obstacles to economic and political progress with respect to the natives’ claims to land and rights.”
America’s Legacy: White Supremacy
America was founded by white men and established for white men; white supremacy was the law of the land.
When the Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated:
“…We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness…”
The “all men are created equal” part of the Declaration of Independence meant all “White” men are created equal. If you don’t believe me just ask any present day white supremacist.
If it were not so that the words of the Declaration of Independence only applied to White men as it was signed in 1776, then—14 years later—how could all 13 colonies of the newly formed United States of America continue to sanction white supremacy by officially ratifying (in 1790) the Constitution of the United States?
The language of the supreme law of the land stated:
- No law shall be passed that restricts the importation of slaves into the United States before the year 1808 (Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution). In other words the U.S Constitution condoned and guaranteed the continued kidnapping and enslavement of Black Africans and congress couldn’t enact any law to stop it before the year 1808. Congress went even further to protect the slave trade by writing Article V into the Constitution which stated Congress shall not enact any amendment to the Constitution that would circumvent the intent and effect of Article I, Section 9.
- The U.S. Government allowed for a federal tax of up to $10.00 to be imposed on each slave brought into the country (Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution).
- Each slave that lived in Southern states counted as three-fifths of a person (Three-Fifths Compromise) when it came to counting the populations of each state. Even though each slave only counted as three-fifths of a person—there were so many slaves in those states that Southern slave states’ representation in congress (based on the population of the state) far exceeded that of the Northern states’ representation; therefore, the slave states controlled congress. In addition, the federal government collected money from each state based on their population. Every which way you looked the federal government was making money on the Black slave.
- 12 presidents of the United States owned slaves (8 of whom while still in office):
GEORGE WASHINGTON | 1789-1797 | his will freed his slaves after his death |
THOMAS JEFFERSON | 1801-1809 | Among the largest slave owners in Virginia, owning as many as 141 |
JAMES MADISON | 1809-1817 | |
JAMES MONROE | 1817-1825 | |
ANDREW JACKSON | 1829-1837 | |
MARTIN VAN BUREN | 1837-1841 | owned slave but not while in office |
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON | 1841-1841 | owned slave but not while in office |
JOHN TYLER | 1841-1845 | |
JAMES POLK | 1845-1849 | |
ZACHARY TAYLOR | 1849-1850 | |
ANDREW JOHNSON | 1865-1869 | owned slave but not while in office |
Ulysses S. GRANT | 1869-1877 | owned a slave he freed before becoming president; however, his wife owned slaves given to her by her father |
The Constitution of the United States of America started out as a racist document. It would take the literal interpretation of the words of the Declaration of Independence to give hope to the Black African slave and the abolitionist that the law of the land could someday change.
The Purpose of White Supremacy
Besides the euphoria from one beating upon their chest and proclaiming to be the No. 1 race on planet Earth, white supremacy gave cover, comfort and reason for taking all the land and resources the White man could lay his hands on.
The theory of White Supremacy took root around the mid-to-late 17th century. Although one can find and read opinions about people based on their skin color as far back as ancient Greece, until white supremacy never before in history had there been an actual operating theory of racial superiority.
The theory of white supremacy sprang up in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment (1650-1809) around 150 years after the Europeans landed in the Americas and at the height of the Atlantic slave trade (C.E. 1517-1840), a period where an estimated 20 million blacks were captured in Africa. By all accounts the New World was bountiful: full of gold and spices and everything nicest. Better yet the primitive weaponry of the indigenous non-white people was no match for the Europeans’ muskets canons and swords—even when outnumber 1000:1. As such, the land was easy taking and plentiful and the Europeans planned to take every bit of it for God and King and to line their own pockets.
White Supremacy classified the peoples of the world into “race” according to skin “color”—ranking each skin color from highest to lowest in regards to intelligence and humanity with the White race being on top and the Black race being on the bottom and all the others being somewhere in-between.
The emergence of the white supremacy theory through books, periodicals, newspapers and lectures of the day helped to give the masses cover, comfort and purpose for the evils of slavery and the genocidal slaughter of the native people and the taking of their land.
White supremacy emboldened the White man to believe that he was entitled to do whatever he may to the Black African and Native peoples of the New World or to any other non-white race. White supremacy gave the White man justification: The White race was the superior race, the chosen race—the caretaker of the world.
The Righteous Walk among the Evil Empire of White Supremacy
There have always been White men and woman that opposed the theory of white supremacy as soon as it began to ooze up from the primordial bottomless pit. They saw the horrors and evils of the Atlantic slave trade and of slavery itself so they actively opposed it. They are the righteous ones: they were the abolitionist and among the 750, 000 soldiers and unnumbered civilians that died in the Civil War; they spoke out and voted for racial equality during the Reconstruction period after slavery ended; they marched and rode the buses during the civil rights movement; they are the ones that still march today in the streets of Ferguson, MO and New York City, NY and across the U.S.
If it were not for the righteous White men and woman that stood up and spoke out against the evil of white supremacy there may be no trace of the Native American left in America and the Black African would still be in chains and/or the United States would not exist. Because surely I say to you—by the very laws of nature good is greater than evil: therefore, some nation or nations would have heard the cry of the Black African and Native American and saw the evil being perpetrated against them and stepped in to stop the misery and carnage just as the United States of America helped to stop Adolf Hitler and his white supremacy cult in World War II.
Evil is what happens when white supremacy or anything like it goes unchecked.
Whitewashing History for the Sake of White Supremacy
History shows that the United States of America through its laws, policies and actions sanctioned the practice of white supremacy on this continent. Therefore, it only stands to reason that all efforts, actions and deeds by governmental agencies and by the peoples be consistent in promoting and protecting their purpose and way of life. That meant suppressing or omitting, or explaining away anything that was contrary to White people being superior to all races, while at the same time exaggerating or just plain lying about anything that would support the theory of white supremacy:
- State and local laws made it a crime for a White person to teach a Black slave to read or write.
- Mandated that the educational system’s teachings and curriculum be consistent with white supremacy dogma.
- Promoted and embraced all literature and art consistent with white supremacy.
Slavery officially ended on December 18, 1865 when it was adopted by Congress after the required number of states ratified the XIII Amendment—but white supremacy did not end.
Like the U.S. Constitution the foundation of the American educational system never recognized the native peoples of the Americas’ nor the Black race as fully human. Therefore, operating under the sanction of white supremacy, the White man’s teachings forbade ascribing anything of significance in history to these savage peoples—especially to the Black race? So they didn’t. White supremacy is precisely why the Western world’s educational systems focuses the beginning of Western civilization as starting with the Greeks and not the Black Africans from whom the White Greeks and the White Romans after them gleaned much of their knowledge.
The Righteous Ones
Greek Historian Herodotus Describes the Skin color of the Egyptians
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century B.C.E., saw the Egyptians face to face and described them as “black-skinned with woolly hair.” Most historians believe Moses would have lived in Egypt around 1400-1250 B.C.E. The Egyptians during Moses time and the Exodus were likely even darker than those Herodotus encountered nearly a thousand years later.
Roman Senator and Historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus (C.E. 56-117 C.E) said,”Many assert that the Hebrews are an race of Ethiopian origins.”
Scientific fact: Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome DNA research indicates that all humans descend from the same maternal source in Africa, somewhere between 100,000 -200,000 years ago.
Over time, ”genetics will help beat down racist arguments,” says Eric Lander, a world-renowned geneticist at M.I.T. ”But they will need to be beaten down, because they will keep coming up.’
Black-skinned populations don’t get darker through race mixing with non-black skinned peoples—they only get lighter. The lighter-skinned population of Egypt and Northern Africa we see today represent thousands of years of race mixing as outlined in a passage from the book by Stephanie M. Wildman. Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America, (1996). NYU Press. p. 87:
In 1787 Count Constantine de Volney (1757-1820), a French nobleman, philosopher, historian, orientalist, and politician, embarked on a journey to the East in late 1782 and reached Ottoman Egypt where he spent nearly seven months….During his visit to Egypt he expressed amazement that the Egyptians – whose civilization was greatly admired in Europe – were not White! “All the Egyptians,” wrote de Volney, “have a bloated face, puffed-up eyes, flat nose, thick lips – in a word, the true face of the mulatto. I was tempted to attribute it to the climate, but when I visited the Sphinx, its appearance gave me the key to the riddle. On seeing that head, typically Negro in all its features, I remembered the remarkable passage where Herodotus says: ‘ As for me, I judge the Colchians to be a colony of the Egyptians because, like them, they are black with woolly hair… “When I visited the Sphinx, I could not help thinking that the figure of that monster furnished the true solution to the enigma (of how the modern Egyptians came to have their ‘mulatto’ appearance) “In other words, the ancient Egyptians were true Negroes of the same type as all native-born Africans. That being so, we can see how their blood, mixed for several centuries with that of the Greeks and Romans, must have lost the intensity of its original color, while retaining nonetheless the imprint of its original mold. “Just think,” de Volney declared incredulously, “that this race of Black men, today our slave and the object of our scorn, is the very race to which we owe our arts, sciences, and even the use of speech! Just imagine, finally, that it is in the midst of people who call themselves the greatest friends of liberty and humanity that one has approved the most barbarous slavery, and questioned whether Black men have the same kind of intelligence as whites! “In other words the ancient Egyptians were true Negroes of the same stock as all the autochthonous peoples of Africa and from the datum one sees how their race, after some centuries of mixing with the blood of Romans and Greeks, must have lost the full blackness of its original color but retained the impress of its original mould.”
Count Constantine de Volney saw the truth with his own eyes and then understood—the lies his own White race was spreading throughout the world.
The Old Testament tells us that the Egyptian Pharaoh at the time of Moses looked down on him as a baby and saw him as his own flesh and blood. Before the Exodus Moses was an Egyptian Prince . When Moses grew to become a man, the Pharaoh still saw Moses as his own flesh and blood. It was only after Moses killed an Egyptian, after he saw him striking a Hebrew, that Pharaoh realized Moses was a Hebrew. In other words—Egyptians and Hebrews were both dark-skinned peoples. You couldn’t tell them apart except for the way they styled their hair and wore their clothes and personnel adornments. The bible even tells us that one of Mosses wives was Ethiopian. C’mon man.
It’s certainly entirely more logical to accept that the peoples of the Old Testament were black-skinned Africans rather than white-skinned Caucasians:
- The Hebrews sojourned in Egypt on the continent of Africa for over 400 years.
- After the Hebrews fled Egypt they spent another 40 years living in the desert.
- Let’s for arguments sake say the Hebrews were pure white Caucasians. Then are we also to believe they lived 440 years on the African continent surrounded by Blacks and didn’t have sex with anyone of them and they were also supposedly slaves for half the time they were in Egypt, too?
Seriously, how could pure-blooded white folk survive 400 years in Egypt and another 40 years after the Exodus while living in a 120 degree desert climate without sunscreen, AC and/or other modern amenities? Their skin simply couldn’t take it.
Only in Hollywood, only in Hollywood.
Today, the residue of white supremacy—institutionalized racism—represented by Hollywood still wants us to believe that Jesus is a long-haired blonde, blue-eyed white man and Moses, as portrayed on the big screen from Charlton Heston to Christian Bale, and all the nearly two million people he led out of Egypt during the Exodus were also pure white-skinned folk. Sadly, the masses believe this nonsense—including many Black people—despite the voluminous amount of scientific evidence which points against it.
The White powers that be do not make it generally accepted knowledge, teaching or dogma that the original Hebrews were Black because it does not fit their white supremacy paradigm. Therefore, all biblical figures in the bible—to include the angels in heaven—are colored lily white in books and artwork and are portrayed by white actors in big budget Hollywood films.
In 2001 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) produced a three episode TV mini-series called “Son of God (also known as Jesus the Real Story). In the final episode French forensic anthropologist Richard Neave with the help of CGI animation illustrated what Jesus probably looked like, based on contemporary scientific evidence and historical evidence from the period of Jesus. The constructed face suggest Jesus would have had short dark hair, brown eyes any his skin would have been much darker—a far cry from the white, blue-eyed, long-haired blonde Jesus that have been pushed down our throats since the fall of Rome and the rise of Islam—around the start of middle ages (5th – 15th century)
Kudos to the BBC and Richard Neave for going as far as they could with the CGI likeness of Jesus. Although, I’m more inclined to lean towards Jesus being dark-skinned with an afro based on passages from the bible and from historical records describing his appearance. However, whether or not Jesus was Black is not my purpose other than to illustrate that overwhelming evidence indicates that Jesus was not white, blue-eyed and long-haired.
The History They Don’t Want to Talk About
Thousands of years before the White race came out of their caves in the mountains of the Caucuses, Black Africans had already discovered language, writing, mathematics, metallurgy, anatomy (even performed surgeries) astronomy, agriculture, and built marvelous structures that still stand today. Black Africans also began the oral tradition of handing do3wn to their posterity their encounters with God. Ultimately that oral history became what the Jewish people today call the Torah when, according to their faith, the oral history was written down in the days of Moses—a Black African.
For thousands of years Black Africa was the cradle of higher knowledge for what we now call Western civilization. The White Greek peoples sent their best and brightest to learn from the Black Africans.
Black-Africans built the Great Pyramids of Giza, an architectural feat modern man still is unable to duplicate nor understand for sure how it was accomplished or what its purpose was. All along the Nile River Valley and basin from Lake Victoria in the South to the Mediterranean Sea in the North there are similar magnificent pyramids and monoliths built by Black Africans.
More recently, Black Moors from Africa ruled much of Spain and for over 700 years, from C.E. 712 to 1492 when Christopher Columbus sailed the oceans blue. Their knowledge of the sciences, mathematics, astronomy agriculture and the arts helped to propel Europe out of the Dark Ages, while the African city of Timbuktu reigned among the sources of world knowledge.
We’ll never really know the full truth about the period in history that White supremacy dogma calls the Middle Age and/or Dark Ages, a period in history where white supremacy dogma claims that Europeans seemed to regress and not much literature or history can be found. But the Saracen (nowadays referred to as Muslims) were kicking European butt back then and we know the Black Moors were at their height during that same time. That part of history doesn’t fit the White Supremacy theory, so it is whitened and/or omitted as much as possible.
White Supremacy, God and Absolute Power
Kings, queens, and governments have always understood the power of the gods and the role that spiritual beliefs have in controlling the masses. You cannot have absolute power over the masses simply through might alone: either the king, queen or government is god or there is no god; or as since the time of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (C.E. 272–337) the ruling power co-ops god as Constantine did with Christianity and the Catholic Church.
America was founded by protestant Christians and until this very day the vast majority of Americans consider the United States to be a “Christian country.” Though America’s laws allow for freedom from religion, government leaders are quick to wrap themselves inside the cloth of Christianity.
The power of the gods explains why that after brandishing the gun and subduing the natives, the first thing the White man always did wherever he conquered a land was to send in the missionaries with their bibles full of pictures of white, blue-eyed, long-haired Jesus and all the white angels in heaven. After all, god and the angels in heaven must look like the rulers. Accordingly, to keep control the natives must be made to believe that the “real god”—not their pagan god—and everything in heaven looks just like their new rulers (the White man).
Hollywood is still playing the game.
No wonder, for even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light.
2 Corinthians 11:14
In Closing
Oftentimes when Blacks bring up race in regards to any matter some Whites are quick to shout “He (or she) is playing the race card.” Well, as I’ve illustrated in this post the White man invented the game, manufactured the deck, and dealt the cards—usually dealing them from the bottom of the deck. So when Blacks bring race into a discussion they are merely playing the cards that were dealt. Every now and then Blacks will win a hand or two, but like at the casino the odds are stacked against them; so at the end of the night when they look across the table the dealer holds nearly all the chips. Therefore, l suggest to my Black, Brown, Yellow, Red and righteous White people to stop playing the game.
Until next time I leave you with a quote from the Hollywood movie The Matrix where Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) says the following to Neo (Keanu Reeves):
“This is your last chance. After this, there is no turning back. You take the blue pill—the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill—you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes. Remember: all I’m offering is the truth. Nothing more.”
So choose the red pill and join me in exploring the rabbit hole.
Andrea
January 14, 2015 @ 9:09 am
Epic!
Your article is spot on. I’ve had the opportunity to hear both Luke Visconti & Tim Wise speak on the topic of “White Priviledge”.
For those who do not know of or having not heard these “White Men” speak on this issue, please Google.
First I wish to indicate I am a Priviledged European White Female. I’ve been a citizen of the United States since 1980. I will admit I’ve never seen this country more racist than it is now towards both Blacks & Muslims.
I would like to also suggest to you and your readers to Google the “John Birch Society”. You will find Fred Koch the father of the Koch Brothers being instrumental in starting this racist, radical-right movement in the ’60.
It’s my opinion and maybe you might agree, we are here today (the Koch brothers & other racist) due to “true” history being buried intentionally well over thousands of years. Still perpetuated currently & well into the future due to “White Supremacy”.
I commend you on your body of work.
Thank you.
amanda
January 14, 2015 @ 7:59 pm
Excellent post! Epic in fact. I just saw this reported on MSNBC and then went to find the article.
Talking about you bringing the truth! If anybody out there reading your excellent article doubts it? Then look no further than to this RACIST Fool the GOP is trying to RUN from. WHY? Their Halloween begins anew in 2016, when they open up their bag of tricks on Blacks and Browns.
Don’t take the wrong pill my friends. These Devil’s and their KKK friends are forever trying to, ‘trick and treat’, you.
Proof positive – this Elected official wrote these words. Wake up people!
amanda
January 14, 2015 @ 8:24 pm
More proof one need to take the correct pill!
The Progressive magazine and Center for Media and Democracy have released new documents that show billionaire oil industrialist Charles Koch was an active member of the controversial right-wing John Birch Society during its campaigns against the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Charles Koch was following in the footsteps of his father, Fred Koch, a leader of the John Birch Society from its founding. We speak with The Progressive’s Lisa Graves about her new article, “The Koch Cartel: Their Reach, Their Reactionary Agenda, and Their Record.” Graves details how the reactionary ideas absorbed during Charles Koch’s youth continue to animate many of his actions decades later. Charles and his brother, David Koch, have used their wealth to push a similar agenda into the mainstream through the tea party and “dark money” political coalitions that allow donors to shield their identity while funding attack ads against Democrats.
White Supremacy exposed!
amanda
January 14, 2015 @ 9:03 pm
Sorry, Sorry. You just hit a nerve. Sadly “I interrupt….” your article to bring up a FUTURE article about
Blackexploitation. Some may few Fox TV’s new Black TV Series, “The Empire” as positive for Black Americans. However when you FIRST and foremost understand who OWNS the station. Rupert Murdock and Co. You will soon understand “Blacks”, as usual are just being, “Demonized.”
View Episode – two, Jan. 14, 2015. I would prefer not ruin the punch line. Sp just go watch it. Look past the Bling-Bling or employment. Understand why FOX’s puts this trash on TV. Who controls the message and why?